📜 Tughluq Dynasty (1320–1414)

Founder: Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq (Ghazi Malik)

⚠️ Chaos under Khusraw Khan

• Khusraw replaced Muslim officers with Hindu officers in all major positions.

• These officers:

  • Insulted Islam

  • Dishonored mosques

  • Used Qurans as pedestals for idols

• The situation became unbearable for the Muslims of Delhi.

⚔️ Rise of Ghazi Malik (Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq)

• Ghazi Malik (a Tughluq noble) defeated and killed Khusraw Khan.

• He tried to find any surviving heir of the Khaljis, but none existed.

• The nobles then urged him to accept the throne.

• On September 8, 1320, he became:

Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq Shah — Founder of the Tughluq Dynasty

• The Tughluqs belonged to the Qarauna Turk tribe.

👑 Achievements of Ghiyas-ud-din

• Crushed rebellious Hindu rajas

• Recovered Bengal, which had slipped from Delhi’s control after Balban

• Restored law and order

⚰️ Tragic Death

• On return from Bengal expedition, a wooden pavilion collapsed during his welcome ceremony.

• He, along with six others, died.

• Many historians believe Muhammad bin Tughluq (his son) arranged this accident.

👑 Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351)

• Known as the “Man of Ideas”.

• Highly educated, but many of his schemes failed.

🔸 His Major Experiments

1. Transfer of Capital
   Delhi → Daulatabad
   (Caused suffering, forced migration, failed)

2. Token Currency
   Introduced copper and brass coins
   Led to massive forgery
   Scheme failed

3. Tax in Doab Region
   Increased taxes during famine
   Caused rebellion

4. Military Expeditions
   Wasted treasury; unsuccessful

Because of these failures, he became unpopular.

👑 Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351–1388)

• Cousin of Muhammad bin Tughluq

• His reign lasted 37 years

Achievements

• Excellent administrator

• Built canals, hospitals, schools, cities (e.g., Firozabad)

• Reduced harsh punishments

• Promoted infrastructure

• Patron of scholars

Decline Begins

• Due to old age, he handed power to his son Muhammad Shah.

• Muhammad Shah proved incompetent → nobles disliked him.

• Firuz later replaced him with his grandson Ghiyas-ud-din.

⚠️ Civil War (1388–1413)

After Firuz Shah’s death:

• Power-hungry princes fought for the throne

• Nobles supported different princes

• Central authority collapsed

💥 Timur’s Invasion (1398)

• Amir Timur invaded Delhi

• Mass destruction

• Economy shattered

• Tughluq authority weakened severely

🏁 End of the Tughluq Dynasty (1414)

• After decades of chaos,

• Khizar Khan established the Sayyid Dynasty in 1414, ending Tughluq rule